1. University of California SAGEHEN CREEK FIELD STATION: THE FIRST TWENTY YEARS By A. Starker Leopold, Director Sagehen Creek Field Station -- a teaching and research facility of the University of California -- has been in operation since 1951. The present report attempts to summarize accomplishments to date and to outline some of the plans for the future. Brief History In 1949, the Legislature of the State of California appropriated funds to initiate at the University of California, Berkeley, a program of teaching and research in fresh water fisheries. Concurrently, a program of salt water fisheries was established at UCLA. Responsibility for the Berkeley undertaking was vested in the Department of Zoology, and Dr. Paul R. Needham was added to the staff to offer courses in ichthyology and fisheries management and to establish a field station appropriate for the study of trout populations. Sagehen Creek was selected as the site for the field base, partially due to suitability of the stream for trout studies but also because the area was well adapted for other ecologic investigations of interest to members of the Berkeley faculty. Although initial impetus stressed fisheries work, the facility from the outset was intended to serve a broad spectrum of ecologic functions. The field station was established in 1951, with Dr. Needham as Director. For several years it served solely as a research base for staff and graduate students from Berkeley. Subsequently the station has been used by faculty and students 2. from other campuses of the University and from the State Colleges. In 1954 a teaching function was added, and courses of instruction in field biology have been offered each summer since then. The early history of the Station is well summarized in the "Fifth Progress Report on the Sagehen Creek Wildlife and Fisheries Project", submitted by Dr. Needham in 1963. Administration From its inception in 1951 until Dr. Needham's untimely death in 1964, the Station was administered through the Department of Zoology, Berkeley campus. In the autumn of 1964, A. Starker Leopold of the Museum of Vertebrate ZooLogy was appointed the second Director of the project, and budgetary and administrative responsibility was shifted from the Zoology Department to the Museum. In 1968, the Director became a professor in the School of Forestry and Conservation (though retaining affiliations with ZooLogy and Museum), and budgetary and administrative connections again were transferred, this time to the latter School, where they now reside in the Wildlife-Fisheries unit. Dr. Marshall White of the School of Forestry and Conservation and the Museum of Vertebrate ZooLogy is in charge of research operations at Sagehen. Mr. Vernon Hawthorne is resident manager of the facility. The Physical Plant Sagehen Creek Field Station is situated on the north bank of Sagehen Creek, approximately 8 miles north of the town of Truckee. The whole drainage basin is administered by the Tahoe National Forest, and the development of the facility was made possible by a cooperative agreement between the Regents of the University and the U. S. Forest Service, dated April 12, 1951. The agreement grants the University a Special Use Permit embracing 3. approximately 150 acres of land and 1.5 miles of stream. Research and teaching activities based at the Station extend widely beyond the boundaries of the Special Use area. In 1951, a small building offering living and laboratory facilities was constructed to house investigators and their equipment. Subsequently, additional units were added year by year until in 1963 the facility consisted of 11 buildings and 6 tent frames, adequate to supply living and working facilities for approximately 40 persons. One additional cabin was added in 1965. As presently constituted, the Station consists of three insulated living units suitable for year-round occupancy; a central headquarters with kitchen, dining room, recreation room, staff laboratory, and a small apartment; a teaching laboratory adequate to house two classes of 10 students each; and assorted service buildings. Students live in the six 14 x 16 ft. tent frames. One building constructed on the bank of the stream has a 24 ft. underwater glass window suitable for viewing activities in the stream itself. Cost of the total physical facility has been approximately $235,000, derived primarily from University funds but supplemented by two substantial grants from the Max C. Fleischmann Foundation of Nevada. Electric power was brought to the Station in 1966 with the help of a facilities grant from the National Science Foundation. In its present form, the Sagehen Creek Field Station is approaching optimum development. Living facilities for visiting scientists and for married graduate students are still inadequate. Two tent frames to serve this purpose will be added in 1971. A motel-like unit to house approximately four families is contemplated for future construction. Additionally, a more spacious and better equipped research laboratory is very much needed. 4. RESEARCH Publications and theses produced to date at the Sagehen Creek Field Station are listed in the bibliography appended to this report. It is difficult to categorize precisely the research that should be credited to the Station. Some data gathered elsewhere were analyzed and assembled in the Sagehen laboratories. Other projects, based entirely on work done at Sagehen, were assembled into theses or publications elsewhere. The attached bibliography lists those reports to which the Sagehen Creek Field Station made some significant contribution. There are 52 published papers of scientific nature and 5 articles or reports of general interest. Seven additional scientific papers are in press and several more are in process of preparation. There have been filed 23 theses based on work done at Sagehen -- l0 Ph. D.'s and 13 MA's. One movie film on the spawning of brook trout was issued under auspices of the Psychological Cinema Register. The following paragraphs summarize the major areas of study to date and outline plans for future work. Fish populations By far the most comprehensive project. completed at Sagehen was the study of fish populations in the stream conducted by Dr. Needham and his students during the lO-year period 1952 to 1961. Ten sections of stream, scattered from the montane upper reaches of the watershed to the meandering meadow channel near the mouth, were blocked off and pumped dry each year in August so that the fish could be gathered in buckets for weighing, measuring and recording. When a section was completed, the stream was diverted back to its normal course and the fish returned to their home pools. Additionally, for 9 years a creel census was conducted cooperatively with the California Department of Fish and Game to determine what portion of 5. the standing crop of trout was harvested by fishermen. The mass of data collected during that decade of work supplied the factual base for 5 theses and 5 publications (see bibliography) but most of the information is only now going to press. Two major papers by Richard Gard and Donald Seegrist are in process of publication, and a third by Gard and Glenn Flittner is in preparation. On the basis of the knowledge accrued in the above study, new research is being initiated by Dr. Don Erman following intriguing leads. For example, one point that emerged clearly was that winter floods severely inhibited recruitment of young brook trout, presumably by destroying eggs deposited during fa11 spawning. Exceptional crops of spring-spawned rainbow trout emerged in those years, implying some sort of competition between brook and rainbow trout fry (Seegrist and Gard, in press). Current plans call for a study of the inter-relations of fry, utilizing the under- water tank as the basic facility. Another point of interest concerns the migration of spawning rainbow trout into tributaries of Sagehen Creek to spawn. Eggs deposited in tributaries may be less subject to flood damage than eggs placed in the main stream channel. The nature and extent of this spring movement of spawning rainbows will be investigated. Dr. Robert Behnke utilized the Sagehen laboratories in his investi- gations of the taxonomy and phylogeny of the rainbow trout (see Behnke citation in bibliography). Specimens collected from throughout western North America were analyzed at Sagehen during the comprehensive project. Studies have been conducted on sculpins in Sagehen Creek (Dietsch, 1959; Jones , 1954; Sheldon, 1968) and on native cutthroat trout in nearby 6. Independence Lake (Lea, 1968). Other species in the stream, such as suckers and whitefish, may be singled out for later investigation, since they dominate the fish fauna of the lower reaches. An important aspect of understanding the productivity of Sagehen Creek for trout is knowing the food organisms on which trout feed. Gross production of aquatic insects in riffles was investigated by Needham and Usinger (1956). Additional studies of individual insects were reported by Sheldon (1969, 197I) Sheldon and Jewett (1967), Wirth (1957), and Jewett (1966). In 1969 a dam was constructed on the Little Truckee River impounding Stampede Reservoir which inundates the mouth of Sagehen Creek. The ecology of Stampede Reservoir will be studied to trace the progressive degradation of productivity which seems to characterize impounded waters of this region. Comparisons can be drawn with nearby older reservoirs such as Prosser and Boca. Beaver The longest uninterrupted research project at Sagehen has been the study of the beaver population. Beaver were introduced in the watershed by the California Department of Fish and Game in 1945, and they quickly increased. By 1952 they were clearly consuming the riparian aspen and willow stands at a rare leading to early exhaustion, and Dr. Joseph Ha1l (1960) measured the pace of felling against existing stands and predicted the early demise of the beavers. While the population was at its peak, Dr. Richard Gard (1961a) studied the effect of beavers on the trout population in Sagehen Creek. He noted a five-fold increase in standing crop of trout (by weight) in impounded areas, explainable in part by expanded water area and in part by increased food production in ponds. 7. With the exhaustion of available aspen, and substantial reduction in volume of standing wi1low, the beaver population (and trout population) in the stream declined. Dr. David Taylor (1970) trapped and marked the individual beavers in the population and followed the decline in produc- tion and survival of kits through a decade. Although his thesis is filed, Dr. Taylor continues to keep the beavers under surveillance. Meadow mouse The dominant rodents in meadow areas of the Sagehen basin are voles of the genus Microtus. Fluctuations in year-to-year abundance of voles were investigated by Dr. Robert Hoffmann (1957, 1958) with emphasis on changing rates of reproduction and mortality. Subsequently, Mr. B. Michael Fitzgerald (1971) studied the role of predation by weasels on voles, and concluded that this source of mortality was a dominant factor in regulating vole numbers. Most of the predation occurs in winter under snow cover, and the interpretation of the situation was derived by searching for remains of weasel-killed voles in and about the grass mouse nests exposed with snow melt in spring. Garter snakes also are numerous in these meadows, and studies of their effect upon voles and meadow ecology are underway. Coyote The coyote is the most numerous of the larger predators in Sagehen basin. From 1968 to present, the coyote population of the Sagehen area and adjoining country to the east was investigated by Mr. Vernon Hawthorne. Approximately 100 coyotes were trapped, marked and released and their movements were recorded on the basis of tag returns and repeat captures 8. (Hawthorne, 1971a). Food habits were studied by analysis of scats (Hawthorne, 1971b). This project will continue, with the use of telemetric devices attached to collars as an aid in tracing movements and seasonal migrations. Wildcats and badgers captured in coyote traps also have been tagged, with a view to later investigation of these species. Other mammals The yellow-bellied marmot was investigated by Nee (1967, 1969), who trapped and tagged 53 individuals and followed their behavior and survival through two seasons. It was noted that in the spring of 1967 few young of the previous year emerged from winter hibernation. Cold weather and snow persisted until May, and the forced extension of dormancy may have depressed survival cf these young animals, as well as some of the adults. The matter of over-winter survival deserves much more study. Migratory mule deer are found throughout the basin. Although they not numerous, White and Hawthorne are attempting to trap and mark individuals in order to study movement patterns. Data on population dynamics and food habits of chipmunks, golden- mantled ground squirrels, and deer mice have been collected since 1967 by White, Hawthorne and others. These efforts were intensified in 1969, and long-term studies have been developed. Records on more than 1,000 individuals are available. Chipmunks and golden-mantled ground squirrels have come under additional scrutiny in the last two years, but no publications have been forthcoming to date. A. S. Leopold started a trapping and marking program in 1969 and this was continued and extended by Sheila Byrne in 1970. To 9. date about 150 animals have been marked and roughly 300 captures recorded. Plans are now being drawn for developing a telemetric system for studying movements and behavior of chipmunks. The equipment can be adapted later 6r the study of other small mammals. One report has been published by Barnes (1969) concerning control of fleas on chipmunks by attracting animals to a bait box, the floor of which is dusted with insecticide. Fleas are vectors of bubonic plague. This technique of flea control is now being used by the California Department of Public Health around public campgrounds and summer resorts. One Calhoun mammal trap line was established in the upper basin in 1958 and has been run annually since that date. Marked fluctuations in numbers of deer mice (Peromyscus) have been recorded. A second line was established in 1967 crossing the meadow opposite the Station, and a publication is in preparation. Two trapping runs per season, of three nights each, have yielded considerable information on the changing abundance of small mammals from year to year. Birds The blue grouse (or sooty grouse) occurs sparingly in the upper Sagehen basin. In more northerly latitudes this grouse exhibits periodic cycles in abundance, and the Sagehen population was investigated by Hoffmann (1956, 1958, 1961) to ascertain the extent of population change and possible causes. Predation and variations in quality of winter food (conifer needles) were studied without, however, leading to a definitive explanation of population changes. Continued work on the grouse population is contemplated. In addition to the work on grouse, several other birds have been studied in some detail, using Sagehen Creek Field Station as a base. 10. Carl Bock (1968, 197O) completed a comprehensive report on the ecoLogy and behavior of the Lewis woodpecker, and Jay Schnell (1958) studied the food habits of a pair of nesting goshawks. A different pair of goshawks nests most years near the Station, and the food habits investigation is continuing. Currently, Jennifer White is conducting an intensive study of habitat needs of nesting juncos in the Sagehen area, and Don Beaver is comparing the avifaunas of burned and unburned forest near the Station. Tom Balgooyen had 16 sparrow hawk nests under close observation in 1970. The latter three projects will continue through 197I or longer. Fire ecologv A devastating forest fire swept across Sagehen Basin in 1960, reducing much of the forested land to bare ground and dead snags. Fortunately, the upper basin, including the Station, was spared. In 1967 a special Use Permit was obtained from the Forest Service, permitting establishment of two 2O acre study plots, one on the burn and the other in similar adjoining terrain that escaped the fire. A permanent grid of steel posts spaced at 100 ft. intervals was installed on these plots, and various projects were initiated to compare floras and faunas on the two areas. Successional stages in recovery of the vegeta- tion are recorded annually along some of the grid lines. Breeding birds are censused each spring and summer on burned and unburned plots, leading to one publication (Bock and Lynch, 1970) with others to follow periodically. Small mammals on the grids are sampled in June and again in August by a systematic trapping program, and a publication summarizing the 1966-1970 11. period is in preparation. Natural conifer regeneration on the burn was measured and reported by Bock and Bock (1969). The effect of the fire on ionic composition of the stream was described by Johnson and Needham (1966). In 1968 a small forest fire occurred in the upper Sagehen basin and White established two Calhoun mammal trap lines (totaling 2000 ft.) almost before the ashes cooled. Three years of trapping data are available, and trapping will continue annually. In addition, birds are censused along these lines and the sequence of plant succession is being documented. Data from this more recent burn will augment the records being compiled on the bigger burn, filling in our knowledge of the early stages of succession. Botanical studies In addition to plant successional studies on the burn, there have been various investigations of interesting floral formations in the boggy meadows of Sagehen basin. Rae (1970) summarized this information in a thesis filed with the Department of Botany, Davis campus. Don Erman has initiated more extensive studies of the physico-chemical properties and invertebrate life of the bogs, with emphasis on relationships to their contribution to productivity of the stream. Dr. Fritz Went of the Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada, brought in heavy equipment in two large trailers in June, 1966, and for some weeks studied the gaseous exchange of conifers in upper Sagehen basin. Mrs. Barbara Trowbridge is currently mapping the vegetation of the Sagehen basin, using aerial photographs in combination with ground surveys. This project will be the basis for her M.A. thesis in Botany. 12. Insects Two Ph. D. theses on insects have derived from studies conducted at Sagehen, one by Barnes (1963) on the biology of the fleas that parasitize chipmunks, and the other by Cameron (1971) on the lodgepole terminal weevil, which proves to be less of a damaging pest in lodge- pole pine stands than was once believed. Additionally, the collecting activity of Professor Bohart and his class of entomologists has contributed to the taxonomic understanding of a number of genera of Hymenoptera (see list of Bohart papers in bibliography). One rare and particularly interesting wasp (Eucerceris flavocincta) was found nesting in the yard near the teaching laboratory. In connection with the studies of bird populations on burned and unburned terrain, Don Beaver and Jennifer White have installed 50 Melaisse-type insect traps to measure insect populations in a variety of sites. The kinds and numbers of insects would bear an obvious relation- ship to the welfare of birds, with particular reference to the feeding and rearing of young. In 1966, Dr. and Mrs. George Wheeler from the University of North Dakota spent several weeks collecting and studying the ants of the. Sagehen basin. Hydrologv of Sagehen Creek In 1953, a stream gaging station was installed on Sagehen Creek by the U.S. Geological Survey, and continuous flow records are available since that date. Turbidity has been measured periodically during high 13. water stages, and Wallis (1964) reported that the sediment carried in Sagehen Creek (7.4 tons per sq. mi. per year) was the lowest found in 46 northern California watersheds. Water temperature in the stream and concurrent air temperature have been continuously recorded since 1961. Permanent benchmarks were installed along the stream channel in 1968 by Dr. L. B. Leopold of Water Resources, U.S.G.S____., to record bank erosion, bar deposition, and scouring. TEACHING Formal course work has been offered at Sagehen each summer since 1954. The first course to be given was a "Field course in wildlife and fisheries" conducted by Needham and Leopold, under auspices of the Depart- ment of Zoology. Shortly thereafter the Department of Botany began to offer a field course in "Plant taxonomy and ecology", and still later the Department of Entomology at Davis developed a course entitled "Field taxonomy and ecology", required of all graduating seniors. As presently constituted, the teaching program at Sagehen consists of the Field Botany course given first summer session annually, and the Wildlife/Fisheries course and Entomology course given in alternate years. Each course is limited to 10 students, so that the student population averages close to 20 per term. Instructors and their families, teaching assistants, and graduate students conducting their own research bring the total population of the Station to about 40 persons during first summer session. With termination of the formal teaching in early August, the population drops to about 20, and emphasis on research resumes until snow closes the entrance road. Catalogue description of the courses now offered at Sagehen Creek Field Station follows: 14. Botany 124. Field Course in Plant Taxonomy and Ecologv (8 units) Full-time study in the first half of the summer at the University of California Field Station at Sagehen Creek, near Truckee, California. Prerequisite: a background in biology. The taxonomic aspects include a brief survey of the flowering plants with practice in identification. The ecological aspects include studies of physiological tolerances of plants and the nature of limiting factors of the environment as they influence patterns of distribution. Acceptable in place of course 120 for the major. Mr. Savage (1971). Entomologv 109. Field Taxonomy and Ecologv (5 units) Lecture - 2 hours; laboratory -- 24 hours (per week). Prerequisite: an introductory course in Entomology or consent of instructor. The study of insects in their natural habitats; their identification and ecology. Mr. Bohart (1970). Forestry and Conservation 173. Field Course in Wildlife and Fisheries (8 units) Full-time field study for first five weeks of summer quarter, including lectures, laboratory and field exercises. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Emphasis on research methods and field surveys. Offered at Sagehen Creek Field Station near Truckee, California. Limited to 10 students. Mr. White, Mr. Erman (1971). In addition to these formal courses, graduate students earn research credit for field studies conducted at Sagehen. Other educational functions The Station serves as a teaching base for many classes and organized groups that come for week ends or brief visits. Likewise many individual 15. scientists come to Sagehen to visit the facility, to collect specimens, or to conduct independent studies. The station log book lists 261 visits by groups or individuals, and the list is knowm to be incomplete. Examples of some of the groups utilizing the facility: Oct. 9-10, 1954. Biosystematists met for two days (18 people) July 20, 1957. Audubon class of high school teachers (35 people) came for day. June 7, 1958. Society of American Foresters, Ca1if. Section, held their annual meeting (100 + people). Sept. 26, 195B. Explorer Scouts from Sacramento (30 boys) spent day. Sept. 9, 1959. Truckee Lions Club (46 people) held meeting. (This was an annual event for several years). Oct. 7-9, 1960. Dr. Benson and mammalogy class from Berkeley spent 3 days collecting. Aug. 9, 1962. Forest Practice Committee of the California Forest Protective Assn. (10 people) met. Aug. 16, 1963. 104 visitors from Donner Memorial Museum visited Sagehen as part of Park Naturalist Program; 147 more arrived Aug. 23, and 125 on Aug. 30. May 23, 1964. Prof. Swinehart brought 60 students from American River Junior College. May 15, 1965. Dr. Sam McGinnis and limnology class from California State College at Hayward spent the week-end (14 students). Dr. Oscar Paris and ecology class from Berkeley (21 students) arrived at the same time. 16. Oct. 8-10, 1965. Dr. Joseph Hall and mammalogy class from San Francisco State College collected mammals for three days (14 students). The following week-end Dr. Benson brought his mammalogy class from Berkeley. May 6-7, 1966. Dr. Charles Goldman with limnology class from Davis spent week-end. July 2O-21, 1966. Mr. Ferd Ruth brought groups of N.S.F. biology teachers (over 100 in all) to Station from their field base at Sugar Bowl. Sept. 21, 1967. Dr. Michael Pontrelli (Univ. Nevada) brought wildlife class of 15 students. June 18, 1968. 20 school teachers from a Forest Service ecology workshop visited. Oct. 14, 1969. Truckee High School biology class (55 students) spent the day. July 15-19, 1970. A group of 38 high school students from mid-west camped beside the station and inspected on-going research projects. Aug. 12-13, 1970. Dr. Teeguarden and about 40 students from U.C. Forestry Summer camp conducted survey of deer use on grid plots. The above entries are merely selected examples to illustrate the types of use to which Sagehen Station is dedicated. Considerable staff time is devoted to guiding such groups and explaining the research program. The laboratories, tent frames, and mess hall are freely available if arrangements are made in advance (Box 938, Truckee, California). 17. CHECK LISTS AND STUDY COLLECTIONS A quite complete collection of the plants of Sagehen basin is housed in an herbarium case in the teaching laboratory. A taxonomic plant list is available for student use, and a much more definitive version of the list is being prepared by Dr. Savage of Fresno State College, and Mrs. Trowbridge of the Botany Department, Berkeley. It will be ready for general distribution in 1971. Records of the birds and mammals occurring in the basin have been kept since the station's beginning. Drs. Alden H. Miller and Seth B. Benson of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology were particularly helpful in these efforts. The bird collection is still incomplete, but intensive effort to improve it was initiated in 1970. The purpose is to have a synoptic collection, representing sex and age groups of all species, for use in teaching and in identifying birds observed or collected. A tentative bird list was prepared in 1967, and this is being elaborated and extended. The mammal collection likewise is incomplete, but additions are being made, including skeletons of many species- A revised list of species is available for general use. Specimens of some reptiles and amphibians of Sagehen basin have been collected but no lisL has been assembled and much collecting remains to be done. The fish fauna of Sagehen basin is small and is fully represented in the collection. The plan is to publish within the next few years an annotated checklist of t.he vertebrates of the Sagehen Creek Basin. A reasonable start has been made on an insect collection. Some groups are well represented, such as the stoneflies studied intensively 18. by Sheldon and Jewett. Dr. Bohart and his entomology classes have contributed several hundred identified specimens (Coleoptera and Hymenoptera in particular). Don Beaver and Mrs. White are adding to the collection. There is no checklist of insects, as yet. SUMMARY In 20 years, Sagehen Creek Field Station has evolved into a reasonably well appointed and heavily utilized base of field operations for biologists from many disciplines. It is still first and foremost a research station, but it serves many educational functions as well. Future plans call for limited expansion of the physical facility but for continued expansion of the program of research and training. 19. BIBLIOGRAPHY Publications Barnes, A.M. 1959. Control of plague vectors on diurnal rodents in the Sierra Nevada of California by use of insecticide bait-boxes. Jour. Hyg., Cambridge 58:347-355. Behnke, R. J. 1966. The relationships of the Far Eastern Trout, Salmo mvkiss. Copeia (1):134-136. _____. 1968. Rare and endangered species: the native trouts of North America. Proc. West. Assn. State Game and Fish Commissioners 48 : 530-533. _____. 1970. The application of cytogenetic and biochemical systematics to phylogenetic problems in the family Salmonidae. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 99(1):237-248. (Section on western N. Amer. Salmo) . _____., and P. R. Needham. 1962, The origin of hatchery rainbows. Prog. Fish. Cult. 24(4):156-158. Benson, S. B., and R. J. Behnke. 1961. Salmo evermegnl a synonyrn of Salmo clarkii henshawi. Calif. Fish and Game 47(3):257-259. Bock, C. E. 1970. The ecology and behavior of the Lewis Woodpecker (Asyndesmus lewis). Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 92:1-100. _____., and J. F. Lynch. 1970. Breeding bird populations of burned and unburned conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada. Condor 72(2):182-189. Bock, J. H., and C. E. Bock. 1969. Natural reforestation in the northern Sierra Nevada -- Donner Ridge burn. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conf. Proc. 9:119-126. Bohart, R. M. 1955. North American Leptochilus of the trinodus group. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 57:287-299. 20. _____. 1966. New Stenodvnerus from North America (Hymenoptera, Eumenidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 79:73-82. _____. 1971. New species of Gorytini from western North America (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 83:445-454. _____., and J. A. Powell. 1956. Observations on the nesting habits of Eucerceris flavocincta Cresson. Pan. Pac. Ent. 32(3):143-144. and E. I. Schlinger. 1957. California wasps of the genus Oxybelus. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey 4:103-134. and L. E. Campos.. 1960. A review of the genus Omalus Panzer in North America (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 53(2):235-250. _____., and G. E. Bohart. 1962. A revision of Larropsis subgenus Ancistromma Fox. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington. 64(I):21-37. Brock, E. M. 1960. Mutualism between the midge Cricotopus and the alga Nostoc. Ecology 41(3):474-483. Butler, R. L., and V. M. Hawthorne. 1968. The reactions of dominant trout to changes in overhead artificial cover. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 97(1):37-41. Cameron, E. A. 1965. A method for shipping adult parasites of the Siricidae. Canad. Entomologist 97(9):945-946. _____. 1967. Notes on Sirex juvenicus californicus (Hymenoptera: Siricidde), with a description of the male and a key to the California species of Sirex. Canad. Entomologist 99(1):18-24. de Roos, R. 1960. If trout could talk.... Sports Illustrated 12(11):62-65. 21. Evans, D. H. 1969. Life history studies of the Lahontan redside, Richardsonius egregius, in Lake Tahoe. Calif. Fish and Game 55(3):197-212. Gard, R. 1960. The survival of a brook trout with two mutilated gill arches. Prog. Fish Cult. 22(1):108. _____. 1961a. Effects of beaver on trout in Sagehen Creek, California. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 25(3):221-242. _____. 1961b. Creation of trout habitat by constructing small dams. J. Wildl. Mgmt . 25(4):384-390. _____. 1963. Insulation of a Sierra stream by snow cover. Ecology 44(1):194-197. _____., and D. W. Seegrist. 1965. Persistence of the native rainbow trout type following introduction of hatchery trout. Copeia (2):182-185. Hall, J. G. 1960. Willow and aspen in the ecology of beaver on Sagehen Creek, California. Ecology 41(3):484-494. Hawthorne, V. M. 1967. Battle of the bucks (Picture story of spawning brook trout) . National Wildlife 5(6):10-11. Hoffmann, R. S. 1956. Observations on a sooty grouse population at Sagehen Creek, California. Condor 58(5):321-337. _____. 1957. Changes in vole populations associated with "cyclic" density fluctuations. Bull. Ecol. Soc. America 38(3):65. _____. 1958a. The role of reproduction and mortality in population fluctuations of voles (Microtus). Ecol. Monographs 28:19-109. _____. 1958b. The role of predators in "cyclic" declines of grouse populations. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 22(3):317-319. _____. 196I. The quality of winter food of blue grouse. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 25(2):209-2I0. 22. Hopkirk, J. D., and R. J. Behnke. 1966. Additions to the known native fish fauna of Nevada. Copeia (1):134-136. Jewett, S. G., Jr. 1966. Some species of Capnia from western North America (Plecoptera). Wasmann Biol. J. 24(1):101-108. Johnson, C. M., and P. R. Needham. 1966. Ionic composition of Sagehen Creek, California, following an adjacent fire. Ecology 47(4):636'639. Lea, R. N. 1965. A Lahontan redside, Richardsonius egregius (Girard), lacking pelvic fins. Calif. Fish & Game 51(4):300. Leopold, A. S. 1967. Annual report, Sagehen Creek Field Station. Mus. Vert. Zoot., Univ., Calif., Berkeley. 9 pp. mimeo. Mears, J. 1952. The doctor's goldfish bowl. Outdoor Life, April. Pp. 38-40, 87-89. Nee, J. A. 1959. Reproduction in a population of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). J. Mammal. 50(4):756-765. Needham, P. R. 1954. The contribution of natural progagation by trout to angling in streams. Ann. Conf. Western Ass'n State Fish and Game Commissioners. Proc. 34:45-48. _____. 1956. The Sagehen Creek experimental wildlife and fisheries project. A.I. B.S. Bull. Nov. : 19-21. _____. 1959. New horizons in stocking hatchery trout. North Amer. Wildl. Conf. Trans. 24:395-407. _____. 1961. Observations on the natural spawning of eastern brook trout. Calif. Fish and Game 47(1):27-40. _____. 1963. A fifth progress report on the Sagehen Creek Wildlife and Fisheries Project. Dept. Zool., Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 41 pp. mimeo. 23. _____., and R. L. Usinger. 1956. Variability in the macrofauna of a single riffle in Prosser Creek, California, as indicated by the Surber sampler. Hilgardia 24(14):383-409. _____., and R. Gard. 1959. Rainbow trout in Mexico and California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 67(1):1-124. _____., and A. C. Jones. 1959. Flow, temperature, solar radiation and ice in relation to activities of fishes in Sagehen Creek, California. Ecology 40(3):465-474. _____., and R. J. Behnke. 1962. The origin of hatchery rainbow trout. Prog. Fish Cult. 24(1):156-158. Newman, M. A. 1956. Social behavior and interspecific competition in two trout species. Physiol. Zool. 29(1):64-81. Parker, F. D., and R. M. Bohart. 1966. Host-parasite associations in some twig-nesting Hymenoptera from western North America. Pan-Pac. Ent. 42(2):91-98. Schnell, J. H. 1958. Nesting behavior and food habits of goshawks in the Sierra Nevada of California. Condor 60(6):371-403. Sheldon, A. L. 1968. Drift, growth, and mortality of juvenile sculpins in Sagehen Creek, California. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 97(4):495-496. _____. 1969. Size relationships of Acroneuria californica (Perlidae, Plecoptera) and its prey. Hydrobiologia 34(1):85-94. _____., and S. G. Jewett, Jr. 1967. Stonefly emergence in a Sierra Nevada stream. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 43:1-8. Sweeney, J. R. 1967. Ecology of some "fire type" vegetation in northern California. Proc. Calif. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. Pp. 111-125. Wirth, W. W. 1957. The species of Cricotopus midges living in the blue-green alga Nostoc in California. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 33(3):121-126. 24. Publications in Press Gard, R., and D. W. Seegrist. 1971. Production and harvest of trout in Sagehen Creek, California. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. In press. Hawthorne, V.M. I971a. Coyote movements in Sagehen Creek basin, northeastern California. Calif. Fish and Game. In press. _____. 1971b. Coyote food habits in Sagehen Creek basin, northeastern California. Calif. Fish and Game. In press. Legendre, P., C. B. Schreck, and R. J. Behnke. I971. Taximetric analysis of selected groups of viestern North American Salmo with respect to phylogenetic divergences. Systematic Zoology. In press. Schreck, C. B., and R. J. Behnke. 1971. Trouts of the upper Kern River basin, California, with reference to systematics and evolution of western North American Sa1mo. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. In press. Seegrist, D. W., and R. Gard. 1971. Effects of floods on trout in Sagehen Creek, California. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. In press. Sheldon, A. L. 1971. Comparative ecology of Arcynopteryx and Diura (Plecoptera, Perlodidae) in Sagehen Creek, California. Archiv. Hydrobiol. In press. Theses Barnes, A. M. 1963. A revision of the genus Anomiopsyllus Baker 1904 (Siphonaptera, Hystrichopsyllidae) with studies on the biology of Anomiopsvllus falsicalifornicus. Ph. D. thesis, (Entomology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 215 pp. Behnke, R. J. 1960. Taxonomy of the Cutthroat trout of the Great Basin with notes on the rainbow series. MA thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif. Berkeley, 98 pp. 25. Bock, C. 1968. The ecology and behavior of the Lewis woodpecker. Ph. D. thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 235 pp. Brock, E. M. 1956. Biology of the midge cricotopus inhabiting the alga Nostoc in California. MA thesis (Entomology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 57 pp. Cameron, E. A. 1971. Bionomics and impact of the lodgepole terminal weevil, Pissodes terminalis Hopping (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the Sierra Nevada of California. Ph. D. thesis (Entoniology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley, (in preparation). Dietsch, E. L. 1959. The ecology and food habits of the sculpin (Coltus beldingi) in relation to the eastern brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). MA thesis, (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 63 pp. Evans, D. H. 1965. Life history of the Lahontan redside, Richardsonius egregius (Girard), in Lake Tahoe. MA thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. Fitzgerald, B. M. 1971. The role of predation by weasels in population changes of Microtus montanus. Ph. D. thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley, (in preparation). Flittner, G. A. 1953. The composition and distribution of the fish populations in Sagehen Creek, Nevada-sierra Counties. MA thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 150 pp. Gard, R. 1958. The effects of beaver on trout in Sagehen Creek, California. Ph. D. thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 110 pp. Hall, J. G. 1956. Willow and aspen in the ecology of beaver on Sagehen Creek, California. Ph. D. thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 88 pp. 26. Hawthorne, V. M. 1970. Movements and food habits of coyotes in the Sagehen Creek basin and vicinity. MA thesis, (Biology), Univ. Nevada, Reno. 78 PP. Hoffmann, R. S. 1956. Population fluctuations of small mammals and sooty grouse in california. Ph. D. thesis (zoology) univ. calif., Berkeley. 1-61 pp. Jones, A. C., Jr. 1954. Age, growth, and reproduction of the sculpin (cottus beldingi) in Sagehen creek, Nevada-Sierra counties, California. MA thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 73 pp. Lea, R. N. 1968. Ecology of the Lahontan Cutthroat trout, Salmo clarkii henshawi, in Independence Lake, California. MA thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 95 pp. Nee, J. A. 1967. The biology of the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) in Sagehen creek basin. MA thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 127 pp. (21-page supplement with information for 1967 season attached). Newman, M. A. 1951. The social behavior of two species of juvenile salmonids. MA thesis (Zoology) , Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 73 pp. Rae, S. P. 1970. Studies in the ecology of Mason Bog, Sagehen Creek, California. MA thesis (Botany), Univ. Calif., Davis. 106 pp. Seegrist, D. W. 1959. Age and growth of trout in Sagehen Creek, California. MA thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 64 pp. _____. 1965. The trout fishery of Sagehen Creek, Nevada County, California 1952-1961. Ph. D. thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 100 pp. 27. Schnell, J. H. 1957. Nesting behavior and food habits of goshawks in the Sierra Nevada of California. MA thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 100 pp. Taylor, D. 1970. Growth, decline, and equilibrium in a beaver population at Sagehen Creek, California. Ph. D. thesis (Zoology), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 162 pp. Wallis, J. R. 1964. A factor analysis of soil erosion and stream sediment in northern California. Ph. D. thesis (Geography), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 141 pp. Film Butler, R. L., and V. M. Hawthorne. I97I. Spawning behavior of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Distributed by Psychological Cinema Register. 27 minute film.